Discussing The Characteristics Of Mobile Learning Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Characteristics Of Mobile Learning Information Technology Essay Mobile learning is the point at which mobile computing and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience. As mobile phone becomes popular in the society and many people can afford the cost, the demand of mobility is extended to teaching and learning purposes. 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE LEARNING Mobile learning is dynamic. It is todays content not old news. On-line experts and best sources for emergencies are available[2] Mobile learning operates in real time. Learners get what they need, when they need it[2]. Mobile learning is collaborative as people learn from one another. It connects learners with experts, colleagues and professional peers[2]. Mobile learning is individual. Every learner selects activities from a personal menu of learning opportunities most relevant to his/her background at that very moment[2]. Mobile learning is comprehensive. It provides learning events from many sources enabling learners to select a favored format or learning method or training provider[2]. Mobile learning builds learning communities whose members forge[2]. 2.2: THE CHANGE OF LEARNING PARADIGMS Source:http://www.te.ugm.ac.id/~widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf 2.3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTIONS Source: http://www.te.ugm.ac.id/~widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf 2.4: HISTORY OF MOBILE DEVICES Modern mobile devices began with the Apple Newton in 1993, followed by the Palm Pilot in 1996. Five years later, the pocket pc and the introduction of flash player were the next significant introduction and have since been used for educational purposes. The next major development occurred when cell phones gained the capabilities of Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) and merged connectivity. The various types of connectivity available through mobile devices include Wide Area Network (WAN), Local Area Network (LAN) and Personal Area Network(PAN). Within the area of education, it was originally envisioned that handheld devices could serve as computer replacements in which full courses could be delivered. Currently, there exist multiple devices available for mobile learning, ranging from PDAs to video players to cell phones. Add-ons to mobile devices such as cameras, barcode readers and Global Positioning System (GPS) are also popular. 2.5: USING MOBILE DEVICES FOR LEARNING Figure 1 shows students access to mobile devices. MAP FOR MOBILE Figure 2 2.6: MOBILE LEARNING FRAMEWORK It is predicted that the next phase of electronic learning development will be focused in mobile learning. Mobile learning is the point at which mobile computing and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience[2]. The following is a proposed framework for mobile learning: Mobile Learning Applications Mobile User Infrastructure (browser, handheld devices) Mobile Protocol(adoption of content with WAP) Mobile Network Infrastructure (cellular systems, satellites amongst others) Figure 3 Level 1: Mobile Learning Applications Many new applications are becoming possible and many existing electronic learning applications can be modified for a mobile environment[2]. Level 2: Mobile User Infrastructure In the mobile user infrastructure level, the design of new mobile learning applications should cater for the capabilities of the user mobile devices[2]. Level 3: Mobile Protocol In the mobile protocol level, the aim is to hide the underlying networks details from applications while providing a uniform and easy-to-use interface[2]. Level 4: Mobile Learning Infrastructure In the mobile network infrastructure level, service quality primarily depends on network resources and capabilities[2]. 2.7: CHOICE OF MOBILE DEVICE While various types of mobile devices can be used in mobile learning, the mobile device that will be considered during the development of the application will be mobile phone. 2.8: MOBILE PHONE Wherever you go nowadays, you can see people carrying their mobile phone with them. Mobile phone allows communication across the world, different countries and abroad countries. Nowadays, mobile phones do not only support voice calls, they can receive data and faxes, send short messages(SMS), access WAP services and provide full internet access using technologies such as GPRS. At the present time, mobile phones support wireless technologies such as: Infrared Bluetooth 3G WAP WIFI 2.8.1: LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE PHONE However, mobile phones possess various constraints that may affect their progress in the future. These are described as follows: Limited storage Small runtime heap Modest processor performance Limited screen size 2.8.2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATEST MOBILE PHONES 2.9: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Wireless Technologies denotes technologies in which the use of wire for communication is eliminated. Radio and TV broadcasting to mobile phone and Bluetooth are examples of wireless technologies. The latter was un-imaginable till Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1886-1988 demonstrated the transmission and reception of radio signals[4]. 2.9.1: DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Radio FM and AM radio is the first to use wireless technology commercially. This brings wireless technology to the common man[4]. Television Another step ahead with wireless technology is Television broadcast. This introduces wireless technology even closer[4]. Mobile Mobile Technology such as GSM and CDMA made a revolution on communication and it uses time division, frequency division and code division multiplexing. These include the latest and hottest example of wireless technologies[4]. GPS Latest and greatest technology that uses wireless is Global positioning system-radio waves are used for this[4]. Bluetooth/WI-FI/Infrared With the introduction of computers, all these technologies are becoming popular to everyone. All these technologies are based on wireless. Bluetooth uses short range wireless technology that allows connection to various types of electronic equipment like printers, mobiles, camera amongst others to computers. WI-FI is mainly used to establish a wireless LAN and wireless internet connection which is called as hotspots[4]. 2.9.2: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES There are three technologies that best suit the communication of two or more computers using standard network protocol without network cabling. An overview of these three technologies is described below: WAP The WAP protocol stack is made up of the Application layer Session layer Transaction layer Security layer Transport layer It provides an environment in which applications and services for portable and wireless devices are developed and executed. It includes a microbrowser, a markup language interface and push technology for the transmission of data to applications residing on clients plus multimedia message capabilities and content formats. Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) or WAP 2.0 is next generation of the WAP specification that delivers a richer and more secure experience to mobile internet services and even printers. WI-FI Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity and is used to define any of the wireless technology in the IEEE 802.11 specification including the wireless protocols 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. The Wi-Fi Alliance is the body responsible for promoting the term and its association with various wireless technology standards[5]. A Wi-Fi network can also be used to enable connectivity to a larger Local Area Network(LAN) , Wide Area Network(WAN) or the internet[5]. To be able to use Wi-Fi, you must be using a computer or PDA that possess Wi-Fi connectivity already working. Most portable computers can add Wi-Fi using an adapter that plugs into a PC card slot or USB port[5]. Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems and other types of consumer electronics[6]. Bluetooth Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communication technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security[7]. The structure and the global acceptance of Bluetooth Technology means any Bluetooth enable devices, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices located in proximity to one another[7]. Connections between Bluetooth enabled electronic devices allow these devices to communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets[7]. 2.9.3: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISON There exist numerous technologies to develop a mobile application. Hence, a comparison is made between these technologies in order to select the most appropriate technology depending upon the requirement of the system to be developed. Range Worldwide 10 m 100 m Frequency range 1000-Mbit/s 2.4 Ghz 2.4 Ghz Transmit range 54 Mbps 1 Mbps ~10Mbps Power High 1/5 of Wi-Fi High Penetration Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Line of sight Not required Not required Not required Cost Cheap Cheap Cheap 2.10: WAP TECHNOLOGY WAP is an enabling technology based on the internet client server architecture model for transmission and presentation of information from the World Wide Web(WWW) and other applications utilizing the Internet Protocol(IP) to a mobile phone or other wireless terminal. However, WAP is a global standard developed by the WAP Forum for wireless devices to access the intranet and telephony services. WAP can also be used to access data from corporate intranets through public or private IP networks[8]. Figure 3 shows the WAP services that are currently offered. Figure 4 2.10.1: FORMATION OF WAP Ericson, Motorola, Nokia and Phone.com founded the WAP forum in June 1997 to create license-free standards for the entire industry to use in order to develop products based on WAP. 2.10.2: WAP SPECIFICATIONS WAP is an open specification that defines a set of protocols application, session, transaction, security and transport layers. To leverage existing programming and development skills, WAP is based on existing standards and protocols such as XML, HTTP, UDP, HTML and Javascript[8]. The key elements of the WAP specification include: A well-known application development framework- The WAP transport model is analogous to the internet model, except for the gateway that is inserted between the web server and the client[8]. WML(Wireless Markup Language) as the standard markup language. A browser inside WAP services that parses WML and WMLScript[8]. A framework to support advanced telephony, like WWW to mobile messaging, call forwarding, mobile to telefax access and address book access[8]. Figure 5 Figure 4 compares a protocol stack based on the internet model to WAP. As you can see, numerous networks are included in WAP with the ultimate goal of targeting multiple networks. WIRELESS SESSION LAYER(WSP) The wireless session protocol is an interface between the application layer and delivers all functions that are needed for wireless connections. A session mainly consists of 3 phases: start of the session, transferring information back and forth and the end of the session. Additionally, a session can be interrupted and started again(from the point where it was interrupted)[9]. WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOL The Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) is a transaction-oriented protocol, executed using a datagram service. WTP offers the following functions[9]: Three classes of transaction services Unreliable one-way requests Reliable one-way requests Reliable two-way request/response transactions Optional user-to-user reliability feature The WTP user triggers confirmation for each received message[9]. WIRELESS TRANSPORTATION LAYER SECURITY(WTLS) The wireless transport layer security is an optional layer or stack which consists of description devices. A secure transmission is crucial for certain applications such as e-commerce or WAP- banking and is a standard in these days. Furthermore, WTLS contains a check for data integrity, user authentication and gateway security[9]. WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL(WDP) The wireless datagram protocol represents the transfer or transmission layer and is also the interface of the network layer to all the above stack/layers. With the help of the WDP, the transmission layer can be assimilated to the specifications of a network operator. This means that WAP is completely independent from any network operator. The transmission of SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS-136 packet data and GPRS is supported. The Wireless Control Message Protocol(WCMP) is an optional addition to WAP, which will inform users about occurred errors[9]. 2.10.3: HOW WAP WORKS A typical WAP network consists of the following components[8]: User with WAP-enabled device Gateway Application server The Application server can be located in either a public or private IP network. The gateway is normally located in telecom networks but it can be setup by a company using its own computer systems[8]. A typical scenario using WAP technology A user with a WAP device requests content from the application server[8]. The request reaches the gateway first, which does the protocol translation from WAP to HTTP and routes the HTTP request to the destination server[8]. The server returns WML output and adds HTTP headers to the gateway, depending upon whether dynamic or static pages are requested[8]. The gateway converts WML and HTTP to binary form to conserve bandwidth and returns a WAP response to the user[8]. The browser inside the WAP device interprets the WML and shows the contents[8]. 2.10.4: WAP LIMITATIONS Compared to PCs, wireless devices are limited in terms of processing power, memory, battery life and display size. Other issues of low bandwidth, latency and connection stability brings motivation to come up with new set of WAP technologies[8]. 2.11: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL MOBILE WAP (and Web) INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM Web development on mobile phones has long suffered from a rigid platform and the inability for mobile browsers to keep up with current web technologies. You could test your WML code with a cell phone but most providers charge a premium for Web access and testing could cost a lot. Instead, there exist emulators that are available, some of which are packaged with a full SDK while some even include a full Integrated Development Environment (IDE). 2.11.1: WML EMULATOR Instead of installing an entire WAP SDK, you can install a WML emulator. An emulator allows you to view the contents of your WML files as they would be appear on the screen of a WAP-enabled device. There are various WAP emulators available. Some are illustrated below: WAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327 WAP Proof is an emulator of a WAP browser for Microsoft Windows, a universal WML, HTML and XHTML intended for designers of mobile content. It is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites. The purpose of a WAP proof is to emulate the rendering of WML 1.3, HTML, XHTML Mobile Profile 1.0 and Chtml documents by different devices. The mobile- oriented content is rendered exactly as if it was downloaded on the real cellphone[10]. The source code of the WML document can also be viewed as illustrated below. KLONDIKE WAP BROWSER This is produced by Apache Software. Klondike looks like a Web browser and is therefore very easy to use for beginners. Local WML files can be accessed easily. Klondike WAP Browser employs the Wireless Markup Language (WML) through an implementation of Klondike WAP Microbrowser Engine, including character entities, text input and validation, single and multiple selection boxes, variable substitution, deck-card task and event shadowing, deck access control, GET and POST methods, variable escaping, timers, and BMPs and BMP anchors[11]. YOSPACE Yospace is a mobile application s innovator and platform provider allowing digital publishers, mobile application developers, and mobile operators to rapidly and affordably deliver mobile video services[12]. WAP developers can use the desktop edition of the emulator to preview WAP applications from their desktop as the emulator provides a reasonably faithful reproduction of the actual handset products. WinWAP This is produced by Slob-Trot Software. WinWAP is a WML browser that works on any computer with 32-bit Windows installed. Moreover, it is web browser for WAP made by Winwap Technologies available for Microsoft Windows and any Windows CE powered device, like the common Windows Mobile powered Pocket PC phones[13]. WML files can be browsed locally from the hard drive or the internet with HTTP(as with your normal browser). 2.11.2: WEB SERVER SERVICES SOFTWARE EasyPHP version 5.3.2 EasyPHP is a complete software package that allows you to use all the power and the flexibility that dynamic languages like PHP offer as well as the efficient use of databases. Package includes an Apache server, a MySQL database, a full PHP execution, as well as easy development tools for your applications. You can change MIME configuration in apache to make the server recognize WML pages, WMLS and WBMP. CERN server It is a generic public domain full-featured hypertext server that can be used as a regular HTTP server. The server is typically running on port 80 to serve hypertext and other documents but it can also serve as a proxy a server on a firewall machine, that provides access for people inside a firewall to the outside world. Furthermore, the server runs on most Unix platforms[14].

Christianity and Evangelism in Jane Eyre Essay -- Religion Religious B

Christianity and Evangelism in Jane Eyre There were great changes in the religious arena during the time of Victorian England. John Wesley had his warm heart experience, India had been opened to missionizing, and a Utilitarian and Evangelical shift had occurred. Charlotte Brontà « would have felt the effects of these things, being a daughter of the clergy, and by simply being a daughter of the Victorian era. Her novel, Jane Eyre, serves as a reaction to Utilitarianism, and the protagonist Jane emerges as an Evangelical figure. By using this novel as a tool for Evangelism itself, Brontà « has a platform to fulfill moral obligations, and to have a discourse with the socially held views of her time. Beyond this, it also addresses the intrinsic struggle between Paganism and Christianity. The original position of the East India Company and the English Parliament was, the resistance against allowing missionary work in India, and that the clergy would be commissioned to serve only the European population there. They took this stance, because they felt the inhabitants would feel threatened and cause problems for those who had financial interests in the area. In 1813, with the passing of a new Charter Act, India was opened to missionary activity, and many jumped at the opportunity to sacrifice all for the sake of â€Å"heathen† souls. (Viswanathan 36) The very personification of this ideal comes in the form of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s character, St. John Rivers, Jane Eyre’s cousin and almost fiancà ©. He expounds on this when he explains: After a season of darkness and struggling, light broke and relief fell; my cramped existence all at once spread out to a plain without bounds-my powers heard a call from heaven to rise, g... ... the great religious impact it is meant to have. Christ, should and will, win out in the end – as the last line of the novel says, â€Å"Amen; even so come, Lord Jesus!† Works Cited â€Å"Brigit.† Encarta Encyclopedia Online. 2004. http://encarta.msn.com Brontà «, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Richard J. Dunn. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2001. â€Å"Evangelism.† Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. 2004. http://www.m-w.com Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995. Viswanathan, Gauri. â€Å"The Beginnings of English Literary Study.† Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Weber, Max. â€Å"Luther’s Conception of the Calling.† The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. New York, Dover Publications Inc.

My Educational Philosophy A Reflective Comparison

each pedagogue has the lower limit of five old ages of experience. In comparing my educational doctrine in which I have gain through their old ages of experience. I will besides contrast their doctrine along side of my ain. At manus there are assorted diverse constructions in doctrine utilized in our instruction construction today. It is non unnatural to separate extra doctrines integrated in a school or schoolroom environment. While incorporating the assorted educational positions in the schoolroom, one would be obliged to hold construction of their schoolroom community. An person who enjoys learning will invariably prevail to develop their comprehension and acclimatise with the changing era. PhD Elise Kirchoff an pedagogue of 25 plus old ages in instruction has the assurance, creativeness and bravery ; individualizing has she would show her instruction manner. She believes in being convenient in order to be lissome towards each pupil acquisition demands. PhD Kirchoff besides considers mortal true within our school territory ; instructors contain a kind of freedom in their academic professionalism when it extends to choose on methods of direction and developing lessons. Meaning it all depends on the territory 1 may work for. As clip goes by each coevals instruction, larning potency does vary. The instruction manner educated in the early 80 ‘s is most likely infective in today ‘s schoolroom. PhD Kirchoff agrees in non being prepared on holding to make â€Å" throng control † ( Kirchoff ) . Though in the methods of subject in maintaining a schoolroom orderly focused and respectful she replied, have zero tolerance in schoolroom breaks would maintain the le sson traveling. With 30 old ages of learning experience PhD Kirchoff feels NCLB has non aided in her ability to learn, it has footing an surplus in paper work as an option. However throughout her old ages of learning she has come to appreciate the diverseness of legion pupils and how each pupil acquisition demands are inimitable. There are no cooky cutter lessons for particular need pupils. Jason Keller with 10 old ages of learning experience nine old ages in physical instruction while one twelvemonth in particular instruction. Keller Teachs in the BIC unit ( behavioural unit ) he based his replies toward his category. He based entirely on the unit for the ground of, when I set up the interview he was merely able to reply as a particular instruction instructor non has physical instruction instructor in which he has 9 old ages of experience. That said Keller ‘s personal strengths he finds particularly helpful in learning is to be patient and understanding. The pupils who are placed here have utmost emotional, behavioural jobs non including their disablements. Keller describes his instruction manner geared toward positive support instead than ensue and hit oriented, more advancement and betterment based. In comparing to PhD Kirchoff, Keller besides deems on the belief of holding the freedom to academic methods of direction and developing lessons. Both feel the same about NCLB, how it has non made their occupation as pedagogues any easier. Merely it has been a load of paperwork. Where they experience the clip is wasted on alternatively on category direction. Jessica Morales five old ages of schoolroom direction, Morales finds strengths particularly helpful in her instruction describe as, willingness to ne'er give up. When feeling overwhelmed, one needs to be able to stay unagitated and take a deep breath. Her teaching manner is flexible a manner to suit to all her pupils demands. In pull offing her to be flexible for the diverseness of each of her pupils it takes some work, though she feels the more that she gets to cognize her pupils, the easier it becomes. It will ne'er be wholly easy, but you will larn to suit your pupils. In comparing to these fantastic pedagogues my educational doctrine I would depict as being able to intrust the instruction and development to every pupil in malice of cultural or cultural background or economic position. However, my educational doctrine encloses by wrought of legion effects ; in trusting on my philosophic foundation to assist me construct both content and teaching method. It is of import to hold strong beliefs, grounded in sound theory to steer our teaching.A It is every bit imperative to go on unfastened minded to innovative tendencies and techniques that may advance our students.A In naming an educational doctrine motionless it will non be eligible ; it alters with clip and apprehension, and I will persistently copy, detect, and filtrate what I believe and why I believe it. As I gain knowledge my doctrine will alter, take a few things out or taking a few things in. A Among these changes I am unfastened to anything and my positions will be flexible and as unfastened to sentiments as I can be. A When I tell my pupils to woolgather, purpose for the stars, I am stating they can suppress a new end each new twenty-four hours, and so I will hold succeeded in my schoolroom. As an pedagogue I have seen the impact on pupil ‘s lives as their instructor the positive influence we have towards them to go good function theoretical accounts in society. We as instructors and students to the system learn something every twenty-four hours. I anticipate bring forthing a affecting experience within my pupils ; whereby they develop comprehension, include an optimistic ego reg ard and connubial motivation.A The apprehension they attain will be nonsubjective oriented and syllabus driven.A The manner I achieve this will fluctuate intrusting on the eccentricity of peculiar category and the pupils in the category. Finally, professional development is compulsory for whichever instructor who obtains unremitting self betterment. A I am non merely an pedagogue ; I am facilitator in the instruction development and supply a positive function theoretical account to society. A I contain an digesting answerability to magnify my comprehension of both capable affair and sophistication, and to invariably re-examine my proceedings and course of study in response to a continuously altering environment. As an educationist I need to be enthusiastically attentive of the place I participate in a pupil ‘s existence.A Life suggestions an incomputable district of educational duties, each forcing personal growing and extended cognition with each individual.A As a instructor, I need to be a supple to the character that validates an unqualified, reliable blessing of all my pupils and invariably petitions to help an instruction that counterparts each individual.A In my schoolroom, I will show a secure, an environment which encourages a regard of persons self construct and larning style.A Many have an of import input to suggest to this world.A In any circumstance I will help pupils in their hunt of their individuality immediate to the extended ends of instruction.

Martin Luther Kings Last Speech

Martin Luther Kings Last Speech Introduction â€Å"I have been to the mountain† was Martin Luther King’s last speech before he was assassinated. In this speech, King aims at maintaining action by encouraging the civil rights activists to continue fighting for racial equality. He uses biblical references to pass his message across to the people. He says that just like the biblical Jews who suffered in the wilderness, but their descendants finally reached the Promised Land, so will the descendants of the black people in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther Kings Last Speech specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More King rallies the people to keep fighting for their rights and never to give up. He refers to the many successes the movements have had so far. He realized that this was the best tactic to encourage the people to make sure that disillusionment does not overwhelm idealism. He compared past events and to make conclusions that all will be well in the future. On most occasions he uses the bible, for instance, he compares the Jews slaves who were persecuted in Egypt, but due to their perseverance, they lived until they were released and eventually reached the Promised Land, to the black slaves in America whom he believed would also finally be free. This was his central claim, which actually comes out clearly in this line â€Å"I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land† (King 1). This served to encourage the civil rights activists to employ righteousness in their fight for equality. In this speech King was speaking directly to the sanitation workers who were striking in Memphis, but his intention was to reach all African Americans to encourage them to rally behind the movement so that they can achieve their civil rights. He uses many past events to support this claim. For instance, he uses past efforts to illustrate some of the civil rights successes . Among them are the sit-ins that happened in North Carolina, the freedom rides that were witnessed in the South, the Negro activism in states like Georgia, Albany, Alabama, and Birmingham, and also the many supporters who trooped to capital in 1963 to participate in the demonstration in which King gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. He also used those fighting injustice in Memphis, Alabama, and Selma to support his claim (King 1). King uses his oratory skills in this speech to create a role of activist to be played by his audience by retelling heroism stories in the past and assuring them that they will eventually succeed even without him around. He employs a superior relationship with the audience by using many personal examples in supporting his claim. This made the people realize that he was a very important person to them. The role of prophet that he gives himself makes people believe in every word that come out of his mouth.Advertising Looking for essay on po litical sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When he says â€Å"I want to thank God once more for allowing me to be here with you† (King 1), he brings out the idea that he is chosen by God to deliver his people from misery. He uses near death experiences that he has gone through to paint himself as a person who has been tested and chosen. He also emerges as a visionary when he claims that he has been on the top of the mountain and has seen the Promised Land (King 1). King uses a well organized chronological structure that he strategically embeds in the context of the time. He travels back to refer to the early successes of the movement in the start of the 1960s and works his way systematically to the present and concludes the speech with a visionary look into the future ahead. By using this structure, King was able to rekindle enthusiasm in his audience by reminding them of their circumstances and encouraging the m to always keep in mind their current troubles (King 1). In short, King claims that the efforts of the civil rights movement will come to bear fruit. He proves this by sharing his dream with the people. Having assumed a prophetic figure, he did not need much proof to strengthen his message although he has cited a few. His message was a humble plea for equality not a demand by blacks that could create fear in the white population. This is shown by his contrasting example of the black women who attempted to kill him and that of the small white girl who admired him. Work Cited King Martin. Ive Been to the Mountaintop. American Rhetoric, 1968. Web. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm

Families and Young Children What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline

Families and Young Children What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline Background Good discipline in children is always the desire of every parent and for this reason; parents must know and learn strategies that constitute good discipline among their children.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Families and Young Children: What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In advising parents about effectiveness, methods of instilling discipline in their children the relationship between the parents and the children, importance of good behaviours and consequences of bad behaviours are of great concern (Carey, 2003). The word discipline is adopted from a Greek word discipline, which can be interpreted as teaching or instructing. The early stages of a child’s development are essential in the development of a child discipline and any values that a child acquires at this stage of development will be reflected in their adulthood (Powers, 1990). The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate how parents can be effective in disciplining their children. The study therefore was an investigation on the effectiveness of the various methods that can be applied in instilling discipline among children (Kohlberg, 1992). In this study, the investigation was carried out among children below the school age. In addition, the main aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the different approaches that are taken by parents in disciplining their children. Good relationship between parents and their children is an effective method of promoting good discipline among children (Papalia, 2006). Good behaviour among children requires an effort from both the child and the parents and for this reason rewarding desirable behaviour is not only important in encouraging good behaviour but it can be an effective tool for instilling discipline among children. Punishment for bad behaviour has always been thought to be a solution for bad behavi our among children. However, corporal punishment is not an effective method of disciplining children (mash Wolfe, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Synthesis The relationship between parents and their children is an effective tool of promoting good behaviour. Children cannot be forced to have good behaviour and therefore encouraging good behaviour among children becomes effective in promoting good behaviours. Good relationship between the child and the parents ensures children of their security and hence promote their behaviour (Wallis, 2003). Rewarding children for good behaviour is an effective strategy of encouraging children to behave well (Sears Maccoby 1976). The parents or guardians must make an effort in the promotion of good behaviour among children and hence rewarding children for their good behaviour is a method that has been known to work. Although punish ing children for the mistakes they commit has been applied by many parents, as a method for promoting good behaviour among children the fact is that this method is not effective. Continued use of this method will also promote bad behaviour among children. Actually, it will harden their response to any effort meant at promoting good behaviour that is it will make children rebel against the authority and their parents. Corporal punishment is one of the biggest mistakes that parents can make as a method of promoting good behaviours among children (McCord, 1996). Method During the investigation, several methods were applied to collect and analyze the data with the main aim of producing a comprehensive report on children behaviour. The subjects of the investigation were parents, children below school age and nurses assigned with the role of taking care of children in children homes and homes of individual parents. The investigation was divided into two parts where the first study was to focus on response from children and the second part was to focus on the parent’s side of the story. In this study, the data collection tools that were applied were questionnaires, interviews and direct observation. These tools were applied on the two phases of the study according to their suitability. In the first phase of the investigation, parents and baby sitters were given questionnaires, which they were expected to fill and hand back to the field interviewers within one day.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Families and Young Children: What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The questionnaires used had structured question where some were open-ended questions while others were closed ended questions. These questions were designed in such a way that they could provide us with sufficient information that was required in the study. The questions in the questionnaires were designed in a way that they addressed the interests of both the parents and the children. The questions therefore enquired about the methods that parents and guardians think are effective in promoting good behaviour among children. The questions also investigated on how children view the discipline measures applied by their parents and guardians (Pantley, 2007). Observation was also another effective tool that was used in the investigation. During the study, our fieldwork representatives were supposed to select a case study, which was supposed to be a home or a baby care centre. The representatives then spent about one day in this selected place and carried out an observation on the behaviour of children and on their response from various disciplinary measures that were applied by their guardians. The field representative also observed on the relationship between the child and the parent or the guardian before and after a child was punished or was involved in bad behaviour. The use of secondary resources was also applied as a method of finding ideas about the research problem. The secondary sources used to find the information that were required in the study were books, magazines, and journals, which were obtained from the library resources. Each member of our group was involved actively in identifying and finding these recourses (Wendkos-Olds, 2006). In the study, the data collected was recorded in tables and various parameters were assigned according to the research findings. The data was then analyzed using statistical software SPSS to evaluate mean, median and the variance. Results In the study, the findings were that children who had good relationship or those who took their parents as their friends had good behaviors. Parents who did not have good relationship with their children used inappropriate methods to discipline their children. Children who were rewarded for good behaviors by their parents or guardians had better behaviors than those who we re not rewarded. Children who were constantly punished for a particular bad behavior were more likely to repeat the same mistake than those who received counseling. Parents who applied corporal punishment as a method of dealing with children who misbehaved did not have good relationship with their children as compared to those who did not punish their children. Children were afraid of punishment. Parents use corporal punishment on their children as the last alternative. Discussions Good relationship between children and their parents or guardians is a known effective method that can be applied in promoting good behaviours among children. In the study, there was a direct correlation between good behaviour in children and strong relationship between children and their parents (Salkind, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason why children who have good relations with their parents behaved well is because such children confided in their parents and they believed in their parents as their guides and mentors (MacDonald, 2000). In the investigation, it was found out that children who were rewarded for good behaviours are likely to behave badly in the future (Sears Maccoby, 1976). Children learn through imitations and for this reason, rewarding children for good behaviours are an incentive that has been known to work. On the other hand, children who lacked incentive for good behaviour did not see the reason for continuing with good behaviour and in the end; they behaved badly (Straus Donnelly, 2001). Although most parents and guardians have the idea that corporal punishment is a tool for discouraging bad behaviour in children it does not work in the long term. In a report released recently less that, 59% of paediatricians recommend it (McCormick, 1992). Children who are constantly punished for co mmitting a certain mistake become used to the punishment and therefore at the end they stop responding to the punishment and misbehave constantly (Garmezy Rutter, 2003). Conclusion Good behaviour in children is an important factor in their development and in building strong relationship between them and their children. Punishing children for bad behaviour is a short-term solution or method of dealing with bad behaviour among children. Although establishing good relationship between parents and their children do not have immediate results it is a good method of ensuring good behaviour among children in the long term. References Carey, S. (2003). The whole child: Rrestoring wonder to the art of parenting. Oxford. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Garmezy, N., Rutter, M. (2003). Stress, coping, and development in children. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kohlberg, L. (1992). Development of moral character and moral ideology. New York, NY: Russell-Sage Foundation. MacDonald, A. (2000). Parenting with heart. Haverford: Infinity Publishers. Mash, E., Wolfe, D. (2008). Abnormal Child Psychology. Belmont: Cengage Learning McCormick K. (1992). Attitudes of primary care physicians toward corporal punishment. JAMA267, 3161, 3165 McCord, J. (1996). Unintended consequences of punishment. Pediatrics. ; 98:832–834 Pantley, E. (2007). The no-cry discipline solution: Gentle ways to encourage good behaviour: New York: McGraw Hill. Papalia, D. (2006). A childs world: Infancy through adolescence (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Powers, S (1990). Adjusting chair time-out enforcement procedures for oppositional children. Behav Ther21, 257, 271 Salkind, N. (2006). Encyclopedia of human development Volume 1. Michigan: Sage Publication Sears, R., Maccoby, E. (1976). Patterns of child rearing. California: Stanford University Press. Straus, M., Donnelly, D. (2001). Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in America. New Jersey. Transaction Publishers. Wallis, M. ( 2003) A parent’s guide to preparing your child for school: London. Pascal Press. Wendkos-Olds, S. (2006). A childs world: Infancy through adolescence (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Impact of english in the arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of english in the arab world - Essay Example Basically, there exists a unanimous understanding among individuals that the use of English in communication helps in enhancing social status in different countries. As a result, the governments have made efforts in improving English in the countries through different means such as adopting strict state control of the educational systems (Ramaswami, Sarraf & Haydon 71). Concerning education in the Arab countries, English has been made a primary language in the education systems. The reason for making the English language is because of the feeling that English enhances career prospects the individuals speaking other languages may not have their scholarly works published throughout the world. Besides, English might attract the interest of other highly esteemed western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom (Ramaswami, Sarraf & Haydon 86). Through English language, the Arab world has been able to share the educational resources with the rest of the world. This in turn has enabled the Arabic speakers into enjoying the utilization of researched materials of different versions and enhancing the ease in their education. The education in the Arab world has also been able to formalize through the English language to a significant degree for instance, allowing individuals for utilization of the internet and other digital media mainly prog rammed in English. Individuals of different ages have shown interest in studying the English language due to the rising needs worldwide. Moreover, several institutions have been established to offer education on the English language such as the AMIDEAST. English language has attributed to improved exposure of the traditional media that principally use English language as the medium. For instance, there is higher exposure of television in urban regions hence; the people are exposed to more English in such

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin Research Paper

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example A huge portion of this forested land parcels is under the ownership of non-industrial private landowners. It is estimated that these non-industrial private landowners own over sixty percent of the whole forested land in the county of Vilas. The rest of the forested parcels of land are under the ownership of the county government of Vilas, the federal government, the state government, the forest industry department and Wisconsin’s Indian Tribes. The federal government carried out the land survey of the State of Wisconsin forest in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the survey was to divide the huge land under public ownership into parcels that could be sold to private owners, in order to raise revenue for the federal government and provide settlement for the people (Allred et al. 2011). The work of the survey was implemented using the Public Land Survey System that usually divides the land into six-mile square townships and one-mile square sections. Six-mile square townships are the primary units of the public land survey. They are further sub-divided into one-mile-square sections. The townships are then regularly arranged across the state whereas the sections are similarly arranged in the townships (The Vilas County Mapping Department, 2010). The Wisconsin-Illinois border is the location of the initial point of the public land survey in Wisconsin. The locality is roughly ten miles east of Mississippi (Allred et al. 2011). The location is the point of intersection of the base-line. It is also the boundary of the southern state and the principal meridian, which is a latitude running due north from the initial point. Township lines are the east-west lines that cross the principal meridian after every six miles. Range lines, on the other hand, are north-south lines that run through the middle of the baseline after every six miles.