Tle Assignment ! Jermieanneliyaniieh free essay sample

Microsoft Publisher is an entry-level desktop publishing application from Microsoft, differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing. Define the Following Quick access Toolbar *The Quick Access Toolbar (CAT) is a small, customizable toolbar that exposes a set of Commands that are specified by the application or selected by the user. Page Navigation *In essence, a Tapestry application is a number of related pages, working together. To some degree, each page is like an application unto itself. Ribbon *Ribbons are the modern way to help users find, understand, and use commands efficiently and directly?with a minimum number of clicks, with less need to resort to trial-and-error, and without having to refer to Help. Viewing Tools *Use the tools on the Viewing tools toolbar when you are viewing an Information Item/Document in the Centric Project Viewer or when you are viewing a markup for an Information Item/Document. We will write a custom essay sample on Tle Assignment ! Jermieanneliyaniieh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rulers A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing, printing as well as engineering and building to measure distances or to rule straight lines. The ruler is a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure distances Baseline *A baseline is a line that is a base for measurement or for construction; see datum(calculations or comparisons) or point of reference (engineering or science). Boundaries *Boundary (plural: boundaries) may refer to any meaning below, also to border. Guides *A guide is a person who leads anyone through unknown or unmapped country. This includes a guide of the real world (such as someone who conducts travelers and tourists through a place Of interest), as well as a person who leads someone to more abstract places (such as to knowledge or wisdom). Mage Guide Customizable Guide Task pane *Microsoft Office feature found in Microsoft Office 2002 (XP), Office 2003, and later versions that enables users to have quick access to common features, information, and commands. By default the Microsoft task pane opens on the right hand side of the window. Users who need access to the task pane and are running a compatible version of Microsoft Office can get to the task pane by using the keyboard shortcut CTR + Fl or by clicking View and then Task Pane. Backstage View *The Ribbon contains the set of commands for working in a document, while the Microsoft Office Backstage view is the set of commands you use to do things to a document. Tale Assignment ! Jermieanneliyaniieh ! By Jerkily

The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Essays

The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Essays The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Paper The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Paper ABSTRACT On the motion that â€Å"medical paternalism serves the patient best†, this essay reviews current arguments on medical paternalism vs. patient autonomy. Citing medico-ethical texts and journals and selected real-life applications like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the advanced medical directive (AMD), the essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates limit themselves to â€Å"who† wields the decision-making power. Such debates side-step â€Å"what† the patient’s best interests are. The essay further argues through the case of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and acupuncture in particular, that the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of â€Å"alternative† treatment through medical paternalism. Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3):148-151 N H S S Tan Second-year mass communication student at Ngee Ann Polytechnic Correspondence to: Noel Hidalgo Tan Suwi Siang Email: [emailprotected] pacific. net. sg Although probably not written by Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 477 BC) himself, the Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest, most binding code of conduct today. The oath expresses the aspirations of the physician, and sets the ethical precedent by spelling out the physician’s responsibilities to the patient and the medical profession. Today, the Hippocratic Oath has been adopted and adapted world-wide; all physicians take the oath in some form or another. In Singapore, the doctor who undertakes the Singapore Medical Council’s Physician’s Pledge promises to â€Å"make the health of my patient my first consideration† and â€Å"maintain due respect for human life† (pars. 4, 9). The primary concept behind the oath is the principle of beneficence, which is operationalised in the original oath as the resolve to serve â€Å"for the benefit of the sick according to (the physician’s) ability and judgement† (cited in Mappes DeGrazia, 1996; p. 59). The principle of beneficence, indeed the over-emphasis of it, also led to medical paternalism or the physician’s prerogative to act on his or her best judgement for the patient. R S Downie observed, â€Å"The pathology of beneficence is paternalism, or the tendency to decide for individuals what they ought to decide form themselves† (cited in 1996; p.5). More often than not, medical paternalism tends to focus more on the patient’s care and outcomes rather than the patient’s needs and rights. In recent years, medical paternalism has come under fire through the concept of patient autonomy, or the patient’s right to choose and refuse treatment. While the debate between autonomy and paternalism still remains unresolved, paternalists argue that â€Å"maximum patient benefit† can be achieved only when the doctor makes the final medical decision (Weiss, 1985; p. 184). The pro-autonomy stance maintains that â€Å"benevolent paternalism is considered inappropriate in a modern world where the standard for the client-professional relationship is more like a meeting between equals than like a father-child relationship† (Tuckett, Boulton, Olson Williams, cited in Nessa Malterud, 1998; p. 394). This essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates sidestep the principle of beneficence in favour of decision-making power and medical paternalism under the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of treatment. Current debate surrounding paternalism has always been centred on the issues of autonomy and paternalism and reduced further into a power struggle between the doctor and patient. This polarisation of the decision-making power has distracted the medico-philosophical debate. Today’s traditional medical values like â€Å"pain is bad† and longer life is more desirable than a shorter one† are increasingly challenged. Still, do patient and physician both share common understanding of what is best for the patient? Paternalists would claim that physicians have a â€Å"medical tradition to serve the patient’s well-being†, with the prerogative to preserve life and thus have the patient’s best interests at heart (Mappes and DeGrazia, 1996; p. 52). Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 149 Far from paternalism understood as a dogmatic decision made by the physician, James Childress in his book â€Å"Who Shall Decide? † further expounds paternalism into multi-faceted dimensions. Pure paternalism intervenes on account of the welfare of a person, while impure paternalism intervenes because more than one person’s welfare is at stake. Restricted paternalism curbs a patient’s inherent tendencies and extended paternalism encompasses minimising risk in situations through restrictions. Positive paternalism promotes the patient’s good and negative paternalism seeks to prevent an existing harm. Soft paternalism appeals to the patient’s values and hard paternalism applies another’s value over the patient. Direct paternalism benefits the person who has been restricted and indirect paternalism benefits a person other than the one restricted. Whatever the case may be, the guiding principle of modern paternalism,† says Gary Weiss, â€Å"remains that the physician decides what is best for the patient and tries to follow that course of action† (1985; p. 184). That the physician determines ‘what is best’ is questionable. The medical profession’s back-to-basics Hippocratic prerogative is prone to strong medical paternalism, implying that the patient does not want or know his or her own personal good and conversely implying that the patient is to be given no choice other than the physician’s. Consequently, there is immense potential for abuse by giving the physician the final say. Actively, a paternalist physician may declare a person mentally unsound – and thus incompetent – because the patient refuses treatment. Passively, the physician can confound informed consent and obfuscate treatment alternatives. In some cases information can be misrepresented entirely, as John Breeding (2000) argues in his report on electroshock, or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). He states that patients who sign up for ECT have no real choice â€Å"because electroshock psychiatrists deny or minimise its harmful effects† (p. 65). Breeding reports a â€Å"lack of efficacy† in the ECT procedure with â€Å"no lasting beneficial effects of ECT† and the â€Å"(physical) and mental debilitation for people who undergo this procedure†. There are, however, some justifications for paternalistic intervention, which generally entails situations where intervention outweighs the harm from non-intervention. The weak paternalistic approach is especially warranted to  prevent a person from posing a danger to oneself, or when the patient in question is a minor or suffers from impaired judgement due to illness. For example, in Dr Y M Lai and Dr S M Ko’s paper on the assessment of suicide risk, a paternalistic stand is seen where â€Å"accurate diagnosis and careful management of the acute psychiatric illness could significantly alter the suicide risk† (1999). Still, physicians might know for themselves what is best for the situation as they perceive it, but that knowledge does not necessarily translate to what may be best for the patient. Ruddick adds, â€Å"(Current) hospital specialists, it is said, rarely know their patient (or themselves) well enough to make this assumption without serious risk of ignorant arrogance† (1998; par. 5). Therefore while much debate has gone on about medical paternalism and patient autonomy, the definition on what serves the patient best remains unanswered, but the notion of medical paternalism continue to be redefined. On the other side of the argument, proponents of patient autonomy hold that the final say lies with the patient. â€Å"It is the patient’s life or health which is at stake, not the physician’s so it must be the patient, not the physician, who must be allowed to decide whether the game is worth the candle† (Matthews, 1986; p. 134). The notion of patient autonomy largely derives from philosophies of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, who, through different postulations, arrived at the same conclusion – that freedom of choice is paramount. Autonomy â€Å"asserts a right to noninterference and a correlative obligation not to restrain choice† (Pollard, 1993, p.797). Retroactively, the emergence of the idea of patient autonomy has slowly eroded the normative model of medical paternalism. Dr K O Lee and Dr T C Quah (1997) observe â€Å"(the) commercialisation and cost of medicine, the loss of absolutes in morality, indeed the dominance of pluralism such that ethical issues are discussed without firm foundations, these have all led to fewer patients (or their relatives) saying ‘Doctor, you do what you think is best Sir’. † (par. 3). Unlike the paternalist view that deems illness as an impediment to autonomy, the patient autonomy model, as Cassel asserts, sees the patient â€Å"simply as a well person with a disease, rather than as qualitatively different, not only physically but also socially, emotionally and even cognitively† (1978, p. 1675). Thus, proponents of patient autonomy rationalise, â€Å"Who better to determine what’s best for the patient than the patient themselves? † This shift in thinking has increasingly made patient autonomy the desirable standard for medical relationships. The advance medical directive (AMD), legislated in 1991 in America and 1996 in Singapore, reflects such a shift, albeit legal, towards providing power to patient choice. The AMD is a document 150 : 2002 Vol 43(3) Singapore Med J that â€Å"is basically designed to provide autonomy to patients to determine in advance their wish to die naturally and with dignity when death is imminent and when they lose their capacity to decide or communicate† (Agasthian, 1997; par. 1). There is, however, little consensus as to what autonomy entails. According to Thomas Shannon, autonomy has two elements: â€Å"First, there is the capacity to deliberate about a plan of action. One must be capable of examining alternatives and distinguishing between them. Second, one must have the capacity to put one’s plan into action. Autonomy includes the ability to actualise or carry out what one has decided† (1997; p. 24). Nessa and Maltrud (1998) say â€Å"[within] the biomedical tradition, patient autonomy implies a right to set limits for medical intervention† (p. 397). Pollard (1993) understands autonomy as â€Å"a person’s cognitive, psychological and emotional abilities to make rational decisions† (p. 797). With each definition, the interwoven faculties of personal liberty, voluntariness, being informed, and competence to engage in a plan of action appear. Philosophically, these faculties are subject, and subject autonomy, to varying degrees. This subjectivity begs the question, â€Å"What construes as a mentally competent patient? † How much would an illness impede a patient’s autonomy? How much autonomy does a person have with respect to his or her obligations to the community? Can a person ever have true and full access to information in order to make an informed decision? Criticism towards advocates of patient autonomy also point out that patients sometimes â€Å"choose immediate gratification over long-term benefits† (Weiss, 1985; p. 186). An exercise of autonomy may fulfil the patient’s expressed desire but not necessarily translate to serving the patient best, if at all. Even with the patient autonomy model, then, the question as to what serves the patient best goes unanswered and gives way to what the patient wants. To the extent that medical paternalism is discussed in relation with patient autonomy, current debates talk only about ‘who’ should determine the best interests of the patient but not ‘what’ the best interests of the patient should be. Thus, the principle of beneficence cannot be attained in both the minds of the physician or the patient. Where current debate about paternalism sidesteps beneficence as the motivation for paternalism, medical paternalism itself sidesteps questions of its own validity through the established dominant Western thinking. Eric Matthews argues that â€Å"paternalism rests on the claim that the goods which medicine pursues are determined by the medical profession rather than the patients who make uses of their service† (p. 135). In this argument, medical paternalism also determines the very medicine the medical profession uses and leaves the patient with little or no choice for ‘alternatives’. â€Å"Whether they agreed or not, physicians needed to become more knowledgeable about alternative regimes†, reports Eugene Taylor on the use of alternative therapies (2000; p. 33). Only in recent times, with the proliferation of information spurred by the advent of the Internet age has given an indication about how little the dominant Western medical school of thought knows about other existing and so-called ‘alternative’ healing therapies and are beginning to react. In America, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicines’ (NCCAM) budget â€Å"exploded from $2 million in 1993 to $50 million in 1999† (Waltman, 2000; p. 39). Singapore is now looking into developing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) â€Å"research and education to the tune of US$100 million† (Kao, 2001; p.3). Going with this positive trend, Dr. P H Feng (2000) surmised that someday patients will have â€Å"unlimited access to medical information† (p. 524). Despite the growing acceptance of alternative medical therapies, the Western medical profession also exacts paternalistic standards on alternative medicines. Take the example of TCM, of which studies in China have revived over the past few decades. A Singaporean report on TCM in 1995 reviewed â€Å"the standards of training and practice of TCM in Singapore to ensure a higher quality of TCM practice  (and) to safeguard patient interest and safety† (Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1995; par. 2, 3). Yet to demand that ‘alternative’ therapies undergo review under Western medical criteria is as laughable as it is paternalistic. Says Eugene Taylor, â€Å"Can we actually understand acupuncture without reading the Five Confucian Classics or The Yellow Emperor’s Classic on Traditional Chinese Medicine? Western practitioners would say we don’t need them if we have the scientific evidence; Chinese practitioners would consider this the answer of an uncultivated dog-faced barbarian† (p. 33). Ironically, while Western scientific method emerged from Cartesian thought in the 17 th century, Jeffrey Singer notes that the Chinese had â€Å"documented theories about circulation, pulse, and the heart over 4,000 years before European medicine had any concept about them† (2000; par. 3). Other regimes like homeopathy and aromatherapy have been in existence for centuries but are now deemed â€Å"alternative†, pseudonyms for â€Å"nonWestern†. This is paternalism at its worst because Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 151 so-called â€Å"alternative† therapies do not hold water, or are even oppressed by, a dominant Western medical standard. Wrote Angela Coulter, â€Å"Assumptions that doctor (or nurse) knows best, making decisions on behalf of patients without involving them and feeling threatened when patients have access to alternative sources of medical information these signs of paternalism should have no place in modern health care† (1999; p. 719). The principle of beneficence is furthermore stymied through this kind of medical paternalism – how can the medical profession presume to serve the patient best when it fails to acknowledge other therapies that work? The medical profession must begin to re-look itself. Thus far, solutions towards resolving the paternalism problem deal exclusively with advocating either paternalism, autonomy, or middle-road, shared decision patient-physician relationship models such as the one proposed by Elywn, Edwards, Gwyn and Grol. They propose â€Å"sharing the uncertainties about the outcomes of medical processes and exposing the fact that data are often unavailable or not known† (1999; p. 753). Again, proposed shared-decision solutions deal with co-responsibility of medical decisions, but the solutions do not determine the decision itself, and whether the decision serves the patient best. Indeed, a quantitative solution may be near impossible, such is the dynamics of any ethical issue. Medical paternalism, however, must be deconstructed as an issue by both the medical profession and the patient. To approach a resolution through the eyes of the medical profession only serves to perpetuate medical paternalism, albeit in another form, which would not serve the patient. Surmises R S Downie, â€Å"The antidote to paternalism, or an inappropriate excessive expression of beneficence is a sense of justice and honesty† (1996; p. 5). Medical practitioners then must also start recognising their own limitations as a healthcare provider and the limitations of knowledge in their own profession. It is a certain humility reflected in a physician’s comment during a study by Sullivan, Menapace and White (2001), â€Å"I’m not the God of this patient, just a technician with an education†. REFERENCES 1. Agasthian T. Advance directive – A surgical viewpoint. Singapore Medical Journal (Online serial), 1997; 38(4). Retrieved June 23, 2001 from the World Wide Web: sma. org. sg/smj/3804/articles/ 3804e2. htm 2. Breeding J. Electroshock and informed consent. The Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 2000; 40:65-79. 3. Cassel E. Therapeutic relationship: contemporary medical perspective. In W. Reich (Ed), Encyclopaedia of Ethics (p. 1675). New York: Macmillan. 1978. 4. Coulter A. Paternalism or partnership? British Medical Journal, 1999; 319:719-20. 5. Downie RS. Professional ethics and business ethics. In S. A. M. McLean (Ed. ), Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics. Vermont: Dartmouth. 1996. 6. Elwyn G, Edwards A, Gwyn R and Grol R. Towards a feasible model for shared decision making: focus group study with general practice registrars. British Medical Journal 1999; 319:753-6. 7. Feng PH. Medicine in the digital era – Opportunities and challenges. Singapore Medical Journal, 2000; 41:522-4. 8. Kao C. $175m plan for Chinese medicine. The Straits Times, 9 September 2001; p. 3. 9. Lai YM and Ko SM. What you need to know – Assessment of suicide risk. Singapore Medical Journal (Online serial), 1999; 40(5). Retrieved June 23, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http:// www. sma. org. sg/smj/4005/articles/4005me2. html 10. Lee KO and Quah TC. Living, dying, death and advance directives. Singapore Medical Journal (Online serial), 1997; 38(4). Retrieved June 23, 2001 from the World Wide Web: sma. org. sg/smj/3804/ articles/3804e1. htm 11. Mappes TA and DeGrazia D. Biomedical ethics (4th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1996. 12. Matthews E. Can paternalism be modernised? Journal of Medical Ethics 1986; 12:133-5. 13. Nessa J and Malterud K. Tell me what’s wrong with me: a discourse analysis approach to the concept of patient autonomy. Journal of Medical Ethics, 1998; 24:394-400. 14. Pollard BJ. Autonomy and paternalism in medicine. The Medical Journal of Australia, 1993; 159:797-802. 15. Ruddick W. Medical Ethics (Online), 1998. Retrieved June 23, 2001 from the World Wide Web: nyu. edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/ ruddick/papers/medethics. html 16. Singer JA. Acupuncture, a brief introduction (Online), 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2001 from the World Wide Web: acupuncture. com/Acup/Acupuncture. htm 17. Singapore Medical Council Physician’s Pledge. (n. d. ). SMA Centre for Medical Ethics and Professionalism (Online). Retrieved June 23, 2001 from the World Wide Web: sma. org. sg/cmep/ medical_ethics/MEA2/MEA2A. html 18. Sullivan RJ, Menapace LW and White RM. Truth-telling and patient diagnoses. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2001; 27:192-7. 19. Taylor E. Mind-body medicine and alternative therapies at harvard: Is this the reintroduction of psychology into general medical practice? Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2000; 6(6):32-4. 20. Traditional Chinese Medicine. Ministry of Health (Online), 1995. Retrieved 8 September, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http:// www. gov. sg/moh/mohiss/tcm/tcmrpt. html 21. Waltman AB. Alternative medicine goes mainstream. Psychology Today, May/April 2000; 38-9. 22. Weiss GB. Paternalism modernised. Journal of Medical Ethics, 1985; 11:184-7.

Assignment Marketing Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Research - Assignment Example Qualitative technique seeks to exemplify attitudes concerning behavior posed by consumers. Credits depicted by this technique include intense scrutiny incorporated during research. Unlike quantitative, it focuses on value instead of statistical facts (Katsirikou & Skiadas: 2010, pp. 27). This encompassed digging deeply to unveil perceptions encompassed by consumers. In-depth analysis occurs by execution of interviews performed at individual stages. The interviews demand exhaustive information because consumers explicate themselves. The interviews depict no time limits and thus customers entail chances to offer explanations concerning their behavior. Therefore, qualitative technique clinches the tribute of gathering detailed information. Detailed information entails negligible loopholes because it equips the researcher with satisfactory knowledge. Consequently, sufficient knowledge culminates to the researcher drawing sound conclusions concerning their study. Interviews conducted resu lt to rich knowledge concerning consumer mannerisms. Qualitative technique thus entails illuminations of a dependable method. Under this technique, there encompasses various approaches towards gathering rightful information involving the customer’s. The interviews depict liberated forums where consumers would articulate themselves without panic of intimidation. In addition, the technique presents contact with the clientele. This methodology thus offers a personal touch, hence urging consumers to air their feelings eloquently (Tadic & Mamic: 2011, pp. 280). In addition, incorporation of focus groups eminent in qualitative technique presents a reliable approach. This gains explanations from the information that these groups involve experts who seek digging for information by discussing. Observational technique depicts another qualitative technique. The method entails the advantage of being economical.

History response 15 16 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History response 15 16 - Assignment Example However, China had no single organization that had the naval power to create new target markets in other regions. This made China and it use of Opium to remain Inland medium of exchange hence was not transferred overseas. Britain step to colonize other parts of Asia signed a new regime in international opium trading. In the 18th century, at most in China Opium has replaced silver as the currency for trade. This resulted to the depreciation of the flow of silver from India to China. Thus, when British come to Asia, they did not expect this had taken effect hence had problem with the mode of payments. With increased competition, the British followed suit and started using Opium as a medium of exchange, however, they were not the only China’s Opium supplier. American’s also sold Turkish Opium to China. Later the Chinese government tried to stop the trade of opium by implementing harsh penalties such as death. The British merchants refused to sign the agreement, but the American signed. â€Å"This lead to conflict between British trade lords, the American Merchants, and the government of China,†

Private Vs. Public School Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Private Vs. Public School Education - Essay Example But the fees of the private schools are generally very high, and not all parents can afford them. Public schools provide free education. they are equally focused and dedicated to the education of children like those in private schools. Private schools are found to be more expensive than public schools. The most significant concern is the tuition fees. Public schools do not charge tuition. Instead, they are funded through federal, state or local taxes (Private vs. public schools: what’s the difference?, 2009). But private schools are funded by tuition, fundraising, donations and other private grants. Public schools are subject to various state and federal regulations that allow them to provide education to all children including those with special needs. Private schools are not obligated to accept all students. When it comes to educating children in accordance with the learning advancements, curriculum is considered to be the most significant concern of the school authorities as well as the government policies (Kennedy, 2009). There are evident differences between private and public schools in the context of curriculum design for students. Public schools offer a generalized curriculum designed for all students, which includes all the essential subjects (math, English, science, etc.) as well as physical education. The curriculum is mandated by the state government, and learning ability of children is measured by various state standardized tests. In other words, curriculum design in public schools is somewhat definite as regulated by the state. Whereas private schools allow a considerable amount of flexibility while designing the curriculum. For instance, they can develop various specialized programs determined by the requirements of the students. Students are evaluated by standardized tests just like those in the public schools, but private schools can develop their own curriculum and assessment systems. Special

Discussing The Characteristics Of Mobile Learning Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Characteristics Of Mobile Learning Information Technology Essay Mobile learning is the point at which mobile computing and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience. As mobile phone becomes popular in the society and many people can afford the cost, the demand of mobility is extended to teaching and learning purposes. 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE LEARNING Mobile learning is dynamic. It is todays content not old news. On-line experts and best sources for emergencies are available[2] Mobile learning operates in real time. Learners get what they need, when they need it[2]. Mobile learning is collaborative as people learn from one another. It connects learners with experts, colleagues and professional peers[2]. Mobile learning is individual. Every learner selects activities from a personal menu of learning opportunities most relevant to his/her background at that very moment[2]. Mobile learning is comprehensive. It provides learning events from many sources enabling learners to select a favored format or learning method or training provider[2]. Mobile learning builds learning communities whose members forge[2]. 2.2: THE CHANGE OF LEARNING PARADIGMS Source:http://www.te.ugm.ac.id/~widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf 2.3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTIONS Source: http://www.te.ugm.ac.id/~widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf 2.4: HISTORY OF MOBILE DEVICES Modern mobile devices began with the Apple Newton in 1993, followed by the Palm Pilot in 1996. Five years later, the pocket pc and the introduction of flash player were the next significant introduction and have since been used for educational purposes. The next major development occurred when cell phones gained the capabilities of Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) and merged connectivity. The various types of connectivity available through mobile devices include Wide Area Network (WAN), Local Area Network (LAN) and Personal Area Network(PAN). Within the area of education, it was originally envisioned that handheld devices could serve as computer replacements in which full courses could be delivered. Currently, there exist multiple devices available for mobile learning, ranging from PDAs to video players to cell phones. Add-ons to mobile devices such as cameras, barcode readers and Global Positioning System (GPS) are also popular. 2.5: USING MOBILE DEVICES FOR LEARNING Figure 1 shows students access to mobile devices. MAP FOR MOBILE Figure 2 2.6: MOBILE LEARNING FRAMEWORK It is predicted that the next phase of electronic learning development will be focused in mobile learning. Mobile learning is the point at which mobile computing and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience[2]. The following is a proposed framework for mobile learning: Mobile Learning Applications Mobile User Infrastructure (browser, handheld devices) Mobile Protocol(adoption of content with WAP) Mobile Network Infrastructure (cellular systems, satellites amongst others) Figure 3 Level 1: Mobile Learning Applications Many new applications are becoming possible and many existing electronic learning applications can be modified for a mobile environment[2]. Level 2: Mobile User Infrastructure In the mobile user infrastructure level, the design of new mobile learning applications should cater for the capabilities of the user mobile devices[2]. Level 3: Mobile Protocol In the mobile protocol level, the aim is to hide the underlying networks details from applications while providing a uniform and easy-to-use interface[2]. Level 4: Mobile Learning Infrastructure In the mobile network infrastructure level, service quality primarily depends on network resources and capabilities[2]. 2.7: CHOICE OF MOBILE DEVICE While various types of mobile devices can be used in mobile learning, the mobile device that will be considered during the development of the application will be mobile phone. 2.8: MOBILE PHONE Wherever you go nowadays, you can see people carrying their mobile phone with them. Mobile phone allows communication across the world, different countries and abroad countries. Nowadays, mobile phones do not only support voice calls, they can receive data and faxes, send short messages(SMS), access WAP services and provide full internet access using technologies such as GPRS. At the present time, mobile phones support wireless technologies such as: Infrared Bluetooth 3G WAP WIFI 2.8.1: LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE PHONE However, mobile phones possess various constraints that may affect their progress in the future. These are described as follows: Limited storage Small runtime heap Modest processor performance Limited screen size 2.8.2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATEST MOBILE PHONES 2.9: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Wireless Technologies denotes technologies in which the use of wire for communication is eliminated. Radio and TV broadcasting to mobile phone and Bluetooth are examples of wireless technologies. The latter was un-imaginable till Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1886-1988 demonstrated the transmission and reception of radio signals[4]. 2.9.1: DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Radio FM and AM radio is the first to use wireless technology commercially. This brings wireless technology to the common man[4]. Television Another step ahead with wireless technology is Television broadcast. This introduces wireless technology even closer[4]. Mobile Mobile Technology such as GSM and CDMA made a revolution on communication and it uses time division, frequency division and code division multiplexing. These include the latest and hottest example of wireless technologies[4]. GPS Latest and greatest technology that uses wireless is Global positioning system-radio waves are used for this[4]. Bluetooth/WI-FI/Infrared With the introduction of computers, all these technologies are becoming popular to everyone. All these technologies are based on wireless. Bluetooth uses short range wireless technology that allows connection to various types of electronic equipment like printers, mobiles, camera amongst others to computers. WI-FI is mainly used to establish a wireless LAN and wireless internet connection which is called as hotspots[4]. 2.9.2: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES There are three technologies that best suit the communication of two or more computers using standard network protocol without network cabling. An overview of these three technologies is described below: WAP The WAP protocol stack is made up of the Application layer Session layer Transaction layer Security layer Transport layer It provides an environment in which applications and services for portable and wireless devices are developed and executed. It includes a microbrowser, a markup language interface and push technology for the transmission of data to applications residing on clients plus multimedia message capabilities and content formats. Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) or WAP 2.0 is next generation of the WAP specification that delivers a richer and more secure experience to mobile internet services and even printers. WI-FI Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity and is used to define any of the wireless technology in the IEEE 802.11 specification including the wireless protocols 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. The Wi-Fi Alliance is the body responsible for promoting the term and its association with various wireless technology standards[5]. A Wi-Fi network can also be used to enable connectivity to a larger Local Area Network(LAN) , Wide Area Network(WAN) or the internet[5]. To be able to use Wi-Fi, you must be using a computer or PDA that possess Wi-Fi connectivity already working. Most portable computers can add Wi-Fi using an adapter that plugs into a PC card slot or USB port[5]. Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems and other types of consumer electronics[6]. Bluetooth Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communication technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security[7]. The structure and the global acceptance of Bluetooth Technology means any Bluetooth enable devices, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices located in proximity to one another[7]. Connections between Bluetooth enabled electronic devices allow these devices to communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets[7]. 2.9.3: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISON There exist numerous technologies to develop a mobile application. Hence, a comparison is made between these technologies in order to select the most appropriate technology depending upon the requirement of the system to be developed. Range Worldwide 10 m 100 m Frequency range 1000-Mbit/s 2.4 Ghz 2.4 Ghz Transmit range 54 Mbps 1 Mbps ~10Mbps Power High 1/5 of Wi-Fi High Penetration Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Line of sight Not required Not required Not required Cost Cheap Cheap Cheap 2.10: WAP TECHNOLOGY WAP is an enabling technology based on the internet client server architecture model for transmission and presentation of information from the World Wide Web(WWW) and other applications utilizing the Internet Protocol(IP) to a mobile phone or other wireless terminal. However, WAP is a global standard developed by the WAP Forum for wireless devices to access the intranet and telephony services. WAP can also be used to access data from corporate intranets through public or private IP networks[8]. Figure 3 shows the WAP services that are currently offered. Figure 4 2.10.1: FORMATION OF WAP Ericson, Motorola, Nokia and Phone.com founded the WAP forum in June 1997 to create license-free standards for the entire industry to use in order to develop products based on WAP. 2.10.2: WAP SPECIFICATIONS WAP is an open specification that defines a set of protocols application, session, transaction, security and transport layers. To leverage existing programming and development skills, WAP is based on existing standards and protocols such as XML, HTTP, UDP, HTML and Javascript[8]. The key elements of the WAP specification include: A well-known application development framework- The WAP transport model is analogous to the internet model, except for the gateway that is inserted between the web server and the client[8]. WML(Wireless Markup Language) as the standard markup language. A browser inside WAP services that parses WML and WMLScript[8]. A framework to support advanced telephony, like WWW to mobile messaging, call forwarding, mobile to telefax access and address book access[8]. Figure 5 Figure 4 compares a protocol stack based on the internet model to WAP. As you can see, numerous networks are included in WAP with the ultimate goal of targeting multiple networks. WIRELESS SESSION LAYER(WSP) The wireless session protocol is an interface between the application layer and delivers all functions that are needed for wireless connections. A session mainly consists of 3 phases: start of the session, transferring information back and forth and the end of the session. Additionally, a session can be interrupted and started again(from the point where it was interrupted)[9]. WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOL The Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) is a transaction-oriented protocol, executed using a datagram service. WTP offers the following functions[9]: Three classes of transaction services Unreliable one-way requests Reliable one-way requests Reliable two-way request/response transactions Optional user-to-user reliability feature The WTP user triggers confirmation for each received message[9]. WIRELESS TRANSPORTATION LAYER SECURITY(WTLS) The wireless transport layer security is an optional layer or stack which consists of description devices. A secure transmission is crucial for certain applications such as e-commerce or WAP- banking and is a standard in these days. Furthermore, WTLS contains a check for data integrity, user authentication and gateway security[9]. WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL(WDP) The wireless datagram protocol represents the transfer or transmission layer and is also the interface of the network layer to all the above stack/layers. With the help of the WDP, the transmission layer can be assimilated to the specifications of a network operator. This means that WAP is completely independent from any network operator. The transmission of SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS-136 packet data and GPRS is supported. The Wireless Control Message Protocol(WCMP) is an optional addition to WAP, which will inform users about occurred errors[9]. 2.10.3: HOW WAP WORKS A typical WAP network consists of the following components[8]: User with WAP-enabled device Gateway Application server The Application server can be located in either a public or private IP network. The gateway is normally located in telecom networks but it can be setup by a company using its own computer systems[8]. A typical scenario using WAP technology A user with a WAP device requests content from the application server[8]. The request reaches the gateway first, which does the protocol translation from WAP to HTTP and routes the HTTP request to the destination server[8]. The server returns WML output and adds HTTP headers to the gateway, depending upon whether dynamic or static pages are requested[8]. The gateway converts WML and HTTP to binary form to conserve bandwidth and returns a WAP response to the user[8]. The browser inside the WAP device interprets the WML and shows the contents[8]. 2.10.4: WAP LIMITATIONS Compared to PCs, wireless devices are limited in terms of processing power, memory, battery life and display size. Other issues of low bandwidth, latency and connection stability brings motivation to come up with new set of WAP technologies[8]. 2.11: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL MOBILE WAP (and Web) INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM Web development on mobile phones has long suffered from a rigid platform and the inability for mobile browsers to keep up with current web technologies. You could test your WML code with a cell phone but most providers charge a premium for Web access and testing could cost a lot. Instead, there exist emulators that are available, some of which are packaged with a full SDK while some even include a full Integrated Development Environment (IDE). 2.11.1: WML EMULATOR Instead of installing an entire WAP SDK, you can install a WML emulator. An emulator allows you to view the contents of your WML files as they would be appear on the screen of a WAP-enabled device. There are various WAP emulators available. Some are illustrated below: WAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327 WAP Proof is an emulator of a WAP browser for Microsoft Windows, a universal WML, HTML and XHTML intended for designers of mobile content. It is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites. The purpose of a WAP proof is to emulate the rendering of WML 1.3, HTML, XHTML Mobile Profile 1.0 and Chtml documents by different devices. The mobile- oriented content is rendered exactly as if it was downloaded on the real cellphone[10]. The source code of the WML document can also be viewed as illustrated below. KLONDIKE WAP BROWSER This is produced by Apache Software. Klondike looks like a Web browser and is therefore very easy to use for beginners. Local WML files can be accessed easily. Klondike WAP Browser employs the Wireless Markup Language (WML) through an implementation of Klondike WAP Microbrowser Engine, including character entities, text input and validation, single and multiple selection boxes, variable substitution, deck-card task and event shadowing, deck access control, GET and POST methods, variable escaping, timers, and BMPs and BMP anchors[11]. YOSPACE Yospace is a mobile application s innovator and platform provider allowing digital publishers, mobile application developers, and mobile operators to rapidly and affordably deliver mobile video services[12]. WAP developers can use the desktop edition of the emulator to preview WAP applications from their desktop as the emulator provides a reasonably faithful reproduction of the actual handset products. WinWAP This is produced by Slob-Trot Software. WinWAP is a WML browser that works on any computer with 32-bit Windows installed. Moreover, it is web browser for WAP made by Winwap Technologies available for Microsoft Windows and any Windows CE powered device, like the common Windows Mobile powered Pocket PC phones[13]. WML files can be browsed locally from the hard drive or the internet with HTTP(as with your normal browser). 2.11.2: WEB SERVER SERVICES SOFTWARE EasyPHP version 5.3.2 EasyPHP is a complete software package that allows you to use all the power and the flexibility that dynamic languages like PHP offer as well as the efficient use of databases. Package includes an Apache server, a MySQL database, a full PHP execution, as well as easy development tools for your applications. You can change MIME configuration in apache to make the server recognize WML pages, WMLS and WBMP. CERN server It is a generic public domain full-featured hypertext server that can be used as a regular HTTP server. The server is typically running on port 80 to serve hypertext and other documents but it can also serve as a proxy a server on a firewall machine, that provides access for people inside a firewall to the outside world. Furthermore, the server runs on most Unix platforms[14].

Christianity and Evangelism in Jane Eyre Essay -- Religion Religious B

Christianity and Evangelism in Jane Eyre There were great changes in the religious arena during the time of Victorian England. John Wesley had his warm heart experience, India had been opened to missionizing, and a Utilitarian and Evangelical shift had occurred. Charlotte Brontà « would have felt the effects of these things, being a daughter of the clergy, and by simply being a daughter of the Victorian era. Her novel, Jane Eyre, serves as a reaction to Utilitarianism, and the protagonist Jane emerges as an Evangelical figure. By using this novel as a tool for Evangelism itself, Brontà « has a platform to fulfill moral obligations, and to have a discourse with the socially held views of her time. Beyond this, it also addresses the intrinsic struggle between Paganism and Christianity. The original position of the East India Company and the English Parliament was, the resistance against allowing missionary work in India, and that the clergy would be commissioned to serve only the European population there. They took this stance, because they felt the inhabitants would feel threatened and cause problems for those who had financial interests in the area. In 1813, with the passing of a new Charter Act, India was opened to missionary activity, and many jumped at the opportunity to sacrifice all for the sake of â€Å"heathen† souls. (Viswanathan 36) The very personification of this ideal comes in the form of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s character, St. John Rivers, Jane Eyre’s cousin and almost fiancà ©. He expounds on this when he explains: After a season of darkness and struggling, light broke and relief fell; my cramped existence all at once spread out to a plain without bounds-my powers heard a call from heaven to rise, g... ... the great religious impact it is meant to have. Christ, should and will, win out in the end – as the last line of the novel says, â€Å"Amen; even so come, Lord Jesus!† Works Cited â€Å"Brigit.† Encarta Encyclopedia Online. 2004. http://encarta.msn.com Brontà «, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Richard J. Dunn. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2001. â€Å"Evangelism.† Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. 2004. http://www.m-w.com Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995. Viswanathan, Gauri. â€Å"The Beginnings of English Literary Study.† Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Weber, Max. â€Å"Luther’s Conception of the Calling.† The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. New York, Dover Publications Inc.

My Educational Philosophy A Reflective Comparison

each pedagogue has the lower limit of five old ages of experience. In comparing my educational doctrine in which I have gain through their old ages of experience. I will besides contrast their doctrine along side of my ain. At manus there are assorted diverse constructions in doctrine utilized in our instruction construction today. It is non unnatural to separate extra doctrines integrated in a school or schoolroom environment. While incorporating the assorted educational positions in the schoolroom, one would be obliged to hold construction of their schoolroom community. An person who enjoys learning will invariably prevail to develop their comprehension and acclimatise with the changing era. PhD Elise Kirchoff an pedagogue of 25 plus old ages in instruction has the assurance, creativeness and bravery ; individualizing has she would show her instruction manner. She believes in being convenient in order to be lissome towards each pupil acquisition demands. PhD Kirchoff besides considers mortal true within our school territory ; instructors contain a kind of freedom in their academic professionalism when it extends to choose on methods of direction and developing lessons. Meaning it all depends on the territory 1 may work for. As clip goes by each coevals instruction, larning potency does vary. The instruction manner educated in the early 80 ‘s is most likely infective in today ‘s schoolroom. PhD Kirchoff agrees in non being prepared on holding to make â€Å" throng control † ( Kirchoff ) . Though in the methods of subject in maintaining a schoolroom orderly focused and respectful she replied, have zero tolerance in schoolroom breaks would maintain the le sson traveling. With 30 old ages of learning experience PhD Kirchoff feels NCLB has non aided in her ability to learn, it has footing an surplus in paper work as an option. However throughout her old ages of learning she has come to appreciate the diverseness of legion pupils and how each pupil acquisition demands are inimitable. There are no cooky cutter lessons for particular need pupils. Jason Keller with 10 old ages of learning experience nine old ages in physical instruction while one twelvemonth in particular instruction. Keller Teachs in the BIC unit ( behavioural unit ) he based his replies toward his category. He based entirely on the unit for the ground of, when I set up the interview he was merely able to reply as a particular instruction instructor non has physical instruction instructor in which he has 9 old ages of experience. That said Keller ‘s personal strengths he finds particularly helpful in learning is to be patient and understanding. The pupils who are placed here have utmost emotional, behavioural jobs non including their disablements. Keller describes his instruction manner geared toward positive support instead than ensue and hit oriented, more advancement and betterment based. In comparing to PhD Kirchoff, Keller besides deems on the belief of holding the freedom to academic methods of direction and developing lessons. Both feel the same about NCLB, how it has non made their occupation as pedagogues any easier. Merely it has been a load of paperwork. Where they experience the clip is wasted on alternatively on category direction. Jessica Morales five old ages of schoolroom direction, Morales finds strengths particularly helpful in her instruction describe as, willingness to ne'er give up. When feeling overwhelmed, one needs to be able to stay unagitated and take a deep breath. Her teaching manner is flexible a manner to suit to all her pupils demands. In pull offing her to be flexible for the diverseness of each of her pupils it takes some work, though she feels the more that she gets to cognize her pupils, the easier it becomes. It will ne'er be wholly easy, but you will larn to suit your pupils. In comparing to these fantastic pedagogues my educational doctrine I would depict as being able to intrust the instruction and development to every pupil in malice of cultural or cultural background or economic position. However, my educational doctrine encloses by wrought of legion effects ; in trusting on my philosophic foundation to assist me construct both content and teaching method. It is of import to hold strong beliefs, grounded in sound theory to steer our teaching.A It is every bit imperative to go on unfastened minded to innovative tendencies and techniques that may advance our students.A In naming an educational doctrine motionless it will non be eligible ; it alters with clip and apprehension, and I will persistently copy, detect, and filtrate what I believe and why I believe it. As I gain knowledge my doctrine will alter, take a few things out or taking a few things in. A Among these changes I am unfastened to anything and my positions will be flexible and as unfastened to sentiments as I can be. A When I tell my pupils to woolgather, purpose for the stars, I am stating they can suppress a new end each new twenty-four hours, and so I will hold succeeded in my schoolroom. As an pedagogue I have seen the impact on pupil ‘s lives as their instructor the positive influence we have towards them to go good function theoretical accounts in society. We as instructors and students to the system learn something every twenty-four hours. I anticipate bring forthing a affecting experience within my pupils ; whereby they develop comprehension, include an optimistic ego reg ard and connubial motivation.A The apprehension they attain will be nonsubjective oriented and syllabus driven.A The manner I achieve this will fluctuate intrusting on the eccentricity of peculiar category and the pupils in the category. Finally, professional development is compulsory for whichever instructor who obtains unremitting self betterment. A I am non merely an pedagogue ; I am facilitator in the instruction development and supply a positive function theoretical account to society. A I contain an digesting answerability to magnify my comprehension of both capable affair and sophistication, and to invariably re-examine my proceedings and course of study in response to a continuously altering environment. As an educationist I need to be enthusiastically attentive of the place I participate in a pupil ‘s existence.A Life suggestions an incomputable district of educational duties, each forcing personal growing and extended cognition with each individual.A As a instructor, I need to be a supple to the character that validates an unqualified, reliable blessing of all my pupils and invariably petitions to help an instruction that counterparts each individual.A In my schoolroom, I will show a secure, an environment which encourages a regard of persons self construct and larning style.A Many have an of import input to suggest to this world.A In any circumstance I will help pupils in their hunt of their individuality immediate to the extended ends of instruction.

Martin Luther Kings Last Speech

Martin Luther Kings Last Speech Introduction â€Å"I have been to the mountain† was Martin Luther King’s last speech before he was assassinated. In this speech, King aims at maintaining action by encouraging the civil rights activists to continue fighting for racial equality. He uses biblical references to pass his message across to the people. He says that just like the biblical Jews who suffered in the wilderness, but their descendants finally reached the Promised Land, so will the descendants of the black people in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther Kings Last Speech specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More King rallies the people to keep fighting for their rights and never to give up. He refers to the many successes the movements have had so far. He realized that this was the best tactic to encourage the people to make sure that disillusionment does not overwhelm idealism. He compared past events and to make conclusions that all will be well in the future. On most occasions he uses the bible, for instance, he compares the Jews slaves who were persecuted in Egypt, but due to their perseverance, they lived until they were released and eventually reached the Promised Land, to the black slaves in America whom he believed would also finally be free. This was his central claim, which actually comes out clearly in this line â€Å"I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land† (King 1). This served to encourage the civil rights activists to employ righteousness in their fight for equality. In this speech King was speaking directly to the sanitation workers who were striking in Memphis, but his intention was to reach all African Americans to encourage them to rally behind the movement so that they can achieve their civil rights. He uses many past events to support this claim. For instance, he uses past efforts to illustrate some of the civil rights successes . Among them are the sit-ins that happened in North Carolina, the freedom rides that were witnessed in the South, the Negro activism in states like Georgia, Albany, Alabama, and Birmingham, and also the many supporters who trooped to capital in 1963 to participate in the demonstration in which King gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. He also used those fighting injustice in Memphis, Alabama, and Selma to support his claim (King 1). King uses his oratory skills in this speech to create a role of activist to be played by his audience by retelling heroism stories in the past and assuring them that they will eventually succeed even without him around. He employs a superior relationship with the audience by using many personal examples in supporting his claim. This made the people realize that he was a very important person to them. The role of prophet that he gives himself makes people believe in every word that come out of his mouth.Advertising Looking for essay on po litical sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When he says â€Å"I want to thank God once more for allowing me to be here with you† (King 1), he brings out the idea that he is chosen by God to deliver his people from misery. He uses near death experiences that he has gone through to paint himself as a person who has been tested and chosen. He also emerges as a visionary when he claims that he has been on the top of the mountain and has seen the Promised Land (King 1). King uses a well organized chronological structure that he strategically embeds in the context of the time. He travels back to refer to the early successes of the movement in the start of the 1960s and works his way systematically to the present and concludes the speech with a visionary look into the future ahead. By using this structure, King was able to rekindle enthusiasm in his audience by reminding them of their circumstances and encouraging the m to always keep in mind their current troubles (King 1). In short, King claims that the efforts of the civil rights movement will come to bear fruit. He proves this by sharing his dream with the people. Having assumed a prophetic figure, he did not need much proof to strengthen his message although he has cited a few. His message was a humble plea for equality not a demand by blacks that could create fear in the white population. This is shown by his contrasting example of the black women who attempted to kill him and that of the small white girl who admired him. Work Cited King Martin. Ive Been to the Mountaintop. American Rhetoric, 1968. Web. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm

Families and Young Children What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline

Families and Young Children What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline Background Good discipline in children is always the desire of every parent and for this reason; parents must know and learn strategies that constitute good discipline among their children.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Families and Young Children: What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In advising parents about effectiveness, methods of instilling discipline in their children the relationship between the parents and the children, importance of good behaviours and consequences of bad behaviours are of great concern (Carey, 2003). The word discipline is adopted from a Greek word discipline, which can be interpreted as teaching or instructing. The early stages of a child’s development are essential in the development of a child discipline and any values that a child acquires at this stage of development will be reflected in their adulthood (Powers, 1990). The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate how parents can be effective in disciplining their children. The study therefore was an investigation on the effectiveness of the various methods that can be applied in instilling discipline among children (Kohlberg, 1992). In this study, the investigation was carried out among children below the school age. In addition, the main aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the different approaches that are taken by parents in disciplining their children. Good relationship between parents and their children is an effective method of promoting good discipline among children (Papalia, 2006). Good behaviour among children requires an effort from both the child and the parents and for this reason rewarding desirable behaviour is not only important in encouraging good behaviour but it can be an effective tool for instilling discipline among children. Punishment for bad behaviour has always been thought to be a solution for bad behavi our among children. However, corporal punishment is not an effective method of disciplining children (mash Wolfe, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Synthesis The relationship between parents and their children is an effective tool of promoting good behaviour. Children cannot be forced to have good behaviour and therefore encouraging good behaviour among children becomes effective in promoting good behaviours. Good relationship between the child and the parents ensures children of their security and hence promote their behaviour (Wallis, 2003). Rewarding children for good behaviour is an effective strategy of encouraging children to behave well (Sears Maccoby 1976). The parents or guardians must make an effort in the promotion of good behaviour among children and hence rewarding children for their good behaviour is a method that has been known to work. Although punish ing children for the mistakes they commit has been applied by many parents, as a method for promoting good behaviour among children the fact is that this method is not effective. Continued use of this method will also promote bad behaviour among children. Actually, it will harden their response to any effort meant at promoting good behaviour that is it will make children rebel against the authority and their parents. Corporal punishment is one of the biggest mistakes that parents can make as a method of promoting good behaviours among children (McCord, 1996). Method During the investigation, several methods were applied to collect and analyze the data with the main aim of producing a comprehensive report on children behaviour. The subjects of the investigation were parents, children below school age and nurses assigned with the role of taking care of children in children homes and homes of individual parents. The investigation was divided into two parts where the first study was to focus on response from children and the second part was to focus on the parent’s side of the story. In this study, the data collection tools that were applied were questionnaires, interviews and direct observation. These tools were applied on the two phases of the study according to their suitability. In the first phase of the investigation, parents and baby sitters were given questionnaires, which they were expected to fill and hand back to the field interviewers within one day.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Families and Young Children: What Constitutes Effective Parental Discipline? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The questionnaires used had structured question where some were open-ended questions while others were closed ended questions. These questions were designed in such a way that they could provide us with sufficient information that was required in the study. The questions in the questionnaires were designed in a way that they addressed the interests of both the parents and the children. The questions therefore enquired about the methods that parents and guardians think are effective in promoting good behaviour among children. The questions also investigated on how children view the discipline measures applied by their parents and guardians (Pantley, 2007). Observation was also another effective tool that was used in the investigation. During the study, our fieldwork representatives were supposed to select a case study, which was supposed to be a home or a baby care centre. The representatives then spent about one day in this selected place and carried out an observation on the behaviour of children and on their response from various disciplinary measures that were applied by their guardians. The field representative also observed on the relationship between the child and the parent or the guardian before and after a child was punished or was involved in bad behaviour. The use of secondary resources was also applied as a method of finding ideas about the research problem. The secondary sources used to find the information that were required in the study were books, magazines, and journals, which were obtained from the library resources. Each member of our group was involved actively in identifying and finding these recourses (Wendkos-Olds, 2006). In the study, the data collected was recorded in tables and various parameters were assigned according to the research findings. The data was then analyzed using statistical software SPSS to evaluate mean, median and the variance. Results In the study, the findings were that children who had good relationship or those who took their parents as their friends had good behaviors. Parents who did not have good relationship with their children used inappropriate methods to discipline their children. Children who were rewarded for good behaviors by their parents or guardians had better behaviors than those who we re not rewarded. Children who were constantly punished for a particular bad behavior were more likely to repeat the same mistake than those who received counseling. Parents who applied corporal punishment as a method of dealing with children who misbehaved did not have good relationship with their children as compared to those who did not punish their children. Children were afraid of punishment. Parents use corporal punishment on their children as the last alternative. Discussions Good relationship between children and their parents or guardians is a known effective method that can be applied in promoting good behaviours among children. In the study, there was a direct correlation between good behaviour in children and strong relationship between children and their parents (Salkind, 2006).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason why children who have good relations with their parents behaved well is because such children confided in their parents and they believed in their parents as their guides and mentors (MacDonald, 2000). In the investigation, it was found out that children who were rewarded for good behaviours are likely to behave badly in the future (Sears Maccoby, 1976). Children learn through imitations and for this reason, rewarding children for good behaviours are an incentive that has been known to work. On the other hand, children who lacked incentive for good behaviour did not see the reason for continuing with good behaviour and in the end; they behaved badly (Straus Donnelly, 2001). Although most parents and guardians have the idea that corporal punishment is a tool for discouraging bad behaviour in children it does not work in the long term. In a report released recently less that, 59% of paediatricians recommend it (McCormick, 1992). Children who are constantly punished for co mmitting a certain mistake become used to the punishment and therefore at the end they stop responding to the punishment and misbehave constantly (Garmezy Rutter, 2003). Conclusion Good behaviour in children is an important factor in their development and in building strong relationship between them and their children. Punishing children for bad behaviour is a short-term solution or method of dealing with bad behaviour among children. Although establishing good relationship between parents and their children do not have immediate results it is a good method of ensuring good behaviour among children in the long term. References Carey, S. (2003). The whole child: Rrestoring wonder to the art of parenting. Oxford. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Garmezy, N., Rutter, M. (2003). Stress, coping, and development in children. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kohlberg, L. (1992). Development of moral character and moral ideology. New York, NY: Russell-Sage Foundation. MacDonald, A. (2000). Parenting with heart. Haverford: Infinity Publishers. Mash, E., Wolfe, D. (2008). Abnormal Child Psychology. Belmont: Cengage Learning McCormick K. (1992). Attitudes of primary care physicians toward corporal punishment. JAMA267, 3161, 3165 McCord, J. (1996). Unintended consequences of punishment. Pediatrics. ; 98:832–834 Pantley, E. (2007). The no-cry discipline solution: Gentle ways to encourage good behaviour: New York: McGraw Hill. Papalia, D. (2006). A childs world: Infancy through adolescence (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Powers, S (1990). Adjusting chair time-out enforcement procedures for oppositional children. Behav Ther21, 257, 271 Salkind, N. (2006). Encyclopedia of human development Volume 1. Michigan: Sage Publication Sears, R., Maccoby, E. (1976). Patterns of child rearing. California: Stanford University Press. Straus, M., Donnelly, D. (2001). Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in America. New Jersey. Transaction Publishers. Wallis, M. ( 2003) A parent’s guide to preparing your child for school: London. Pascal Press. Wendkos-Olds, S. (2006). A childs world: Infancy through adolescence (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Impact of english in the arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of english in the arab world - Essay Example Basically, there exists a unanimous understanding among individuals that the use of English in communication helps in enhancing social status in different countries. As a result, the governments have made efforts in improving English in the countries through different means such as adopting strict state control of the educational systems (Ramaswami, Sarraf & Haydon 71). Concerning education in the Arab countries, English has been made a primary language in the education systems. The reason for making the English language is because of the feeling that English enhances career prospects the individuals speaking other languages may not have their scholarly works published throughout the world. Besides, English might attract the interest of other highly esteemed western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom (Ramaswami, Sarraf & Haydon 86). Through English language, the Arab world has been able to share the educational resources with the rest of the world. This in turn has enabled the Arabic speakers into enjoying the utilization of researched materials of different versions and enhancing the ease in their education. The education in the Arab world has also been able to formalize through the English language to a significant degree for instance, allowing individuals for utilization of the internet and other digital media mainly prog rammed in English. Individuals of different ages have shown interest in studying the English language due to the rising needs worldwide. Moreover, several institutions have been established to offer education on the English language such as the AMIDEAST. English language has attributed to improved exposure of the traditional media that principally use English language as the medium. For instance, there is higher exposure of television in urban regions hence; the people are exposed to more English in such

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin Research Paper

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example A huge portion of this forested land parcels is under the ownership of non-industrial private landowners. It is estimated that these non-industrial private landowners own over sixty percent of the whole forested land in the county of Vilas. The rest of the forested parcels of land are under the ownership of the county government of Vilas, the federal government, the state government, the forest industry department and Wisconsin’s Indian Tribes. The federal government carried out the land survey of the State of Wisconsin forest in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the survey was to divide the huge land under public ownership into parcels that could be sold to private owners, in order to raise revenue for the federal government and provide settlement for the people (Allred et al. 2011). The work of the survey was implemented using the Public Land Survey System that usually divides the land into six-mile square townships and one-mile square sections. Six-mile square townships are the primary units of the public land survey. They are further sub-divided into one-mile-square sections. The townships are then regularly arranged across the state whereas the sections are similarly arranged in the townships (The Vilas County Mapping Department, 2010). The Wisconsin-Illinois border is the location of the initial point of the public land survey in Wisconsin. The locality is roughly ten miles east of Mississippi (Allred et al. 2011). The location is the point of intersection of the base-line. It is also the boundary of the southern state and the principal meridian, which is a latitude running due north from the initial point. Township lines are the east-west lines that cross the principal meridian after every six miles. Range lines, on the other hand, are north-south lines that run through the middle of the baseline after every six miles.